Epiglottitis is most common in children between 2 and 6 years old and is usually caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, although it may be caused by other bacteria or viruses. The incidence of this disease has decreased steadily since Haemophilus influenzae group b (Hib) vaccine became a routine childhood immunization in the late 1980s.

Epiglottitis is a life-threatening disease that begins with a high fever and very sore throat. The epiglottis (the flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue that closes off the windpipe when swallowing) swells and can obstruct breathing. Respiratory distress increases rapidly as the epiglottis swells.

Immunosuppression (from medications or diseases that reduce the action of the immune system) can predispose adults to epiglottitis.

Swallowing problems may be associated with drooling. Difficulty breathing may cause the patient to sit up, leaning slightly forward and looking very anxious. Spasm may cause the airway to close abruptly. Death follows within minutes. Do not make any attempts to look into the patient's mouth if epiglottitis is suspected.

Immediate emergency medical help is imperative! EPIGLOTTITIS IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY.

• Drooling
• Sore throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing (patient may need to sit upright leaning slightly forward to breathe adequately)
• Stridor (noisy breathing, "crowing" sound when inhaling)
• Hoarseness
• Chills, shaking
• Fever
• Cyanosis (blue skin coloring)

Do not attempt to examine the throat (larynx) at home, because use of the tongue blade may cause the condition to worsen.

The health care provider will examine the larynx (laryngoscopy) and may find an enlarged, reddened epiglottis. Anesthesia may be required for laryngoscopy in a patient with epiglottitis, in the event insertion of a breathing tube (intubation) becomes necessary to maintain the airway.

• Stridor may be present.
• Blood culture or throat culture may show H. influenzae or other bacteria.
• A CBC may show an elevated WBC count.
• Neck X-rays may show enlargement of the epiglottis.

Hospitalization is required because this is an emergency situation. The patient is usually admitted to the intensive care unit.

Treatment usually involves the administration of humidified oxygen, which is oxygen that has been moistened to help the patient breathe. The patient will probably be intubated, meaning a tube is passed through the nose or mouth into the trachea to help the patient breathe.

Intravenous fluids are given to increase hydration. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. Corticosteroids may be used to decrease the swelling of the throat.

The airway may become totally obstructed, which could result in death.