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Digestive system
Digestive system
Pyloric stenosis
Pyloric stenosis

Pyloric stenosis
Definition:
Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the outlet from the stomach to the small intestine (called the pylorus). The condition primarily occurs in infants.

Alternative Names:
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Gastric outlet obstruction

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

This condition is caused by a thickening of the muscles of the pylorus. This prevents the stomach from emptying into the small intestine.

The cause of the thickening is unknown, although genetic factors may play a role. It occurs more commonly in boys than in girls and is rare in patients older than 6 months.

Approximately 1 in 4,000 infants is affected with this condition.
Symptoms:

Symptoms generally appear several weeks after birth:

  • Vomiting
    • Usually mild at first, becoming progressively more forceful within one half hour of feeding
    • Projectile vomiting
  • Infant appears constantly hungry
  • Diarrhea (loose green stools)
  • Wave-like motion of the abdomen shortly after feeding and just before vomiting occurs
  • Dehydration (becoming more profound with the severity of the vomiting)
  • Failure to gain weight or weight loss
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this condition:
Signs and tests:
Physical examination may show signs of dehydration. The infant may have a distended abdomen. Palpation of the abdomen may reveal the abnormal pylorus, which feels like an olive-shaped mass.
Treatment:

Treatment for pyloric stenosis involves surgery to split the overdeveloped muscles of the pylorus is the treatment for this disorder. Rehydration with intravenous fluids usually takes place prior to surgery.

Small, frequent feedings are usually well tolerated several hours after the surgery.

Expectations (prognosis):

Surgical repair usually provides complete relief of symptoms.
Complications:
  • Postoperative vomiting (This is very common and generally improves with time.)
  • Failure to gain weight in the newborn period
  • Risks associated with any surgery
Calling your health care provider:
Call your health care provider if symptoms suggestive of pyloric stenosis develop in your infant.
Review Date: 12/30/2002
Reviewed By: Jonathan Fanaroff, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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