Selective mutism is a condition occurring in childhood in which a child who is fluent with language frequently fails to speak in certain situations where language is expected.

It typically occurs in school or social settings. This pattern of mutism must be observed for at least one month. The first month of school is not included as excessive shyness is commonly observed during this period.

Parents often think that the child is refusing to speak, but usually the child is truly unable to speak in particular settings.

Most experts believe that there are environmental, biological, interpersonal, and anxiety-related factors which cause selective mutism. Most children with this condition have some form of extreme social phobia.

Some affected children have a family history of selective mutism, extreme shyness, or anxiety disorders that may increase their risk for similar problems. This condition is most common amongst young children (usually before the age of 5).

• Failure to speak in specific social situations
• Shyness
• Fear of people
• Speaks at home with family

The essential element of selective mutism is that the child has the ability to both comprehend and speak, but fails to do so in certain settings or environments. This syndrome differs from mutism because the child sometimes speaks, depending on the situation. Children with mutism never speak.

Cultural issues, such as recent immigration and bilingualism, should be noted. Children who are uncomfortable with a new language may be reluctant to use it outside of a familiar setting. This is not necessarily selective mutism, so it should be considered (if this diagnosis is being considered).