Sunburn results when the amount of exposure to the sun or other ultraviolet light source exceeds the ability of the body's protective pigment, melanin, to protect the skin. Sunburn in a very light-skinned person may occur in less than 15 minutes of midday sun exposure, while a dark-skinned person may tolerate the same exposure for hours.

It is now recognized that sunburn and sun exposure should not be taken as something insignificant. Deaths have resulted from acute sun exposure and significant temporary disability is experienced by millions of sunburned people each year.

Unlike a thermal burn, sunburn is not immediately apparent. By the time the skin starts to become painful and red, the damage has been done. The pain is worst between 6 and 48 hours after sun exposure. In severe sunburns, blistering of the skin may occur.

Swelling (Edema) of the skin, especially in the legs, is common. Toxins are released with sunburn, and fever is not uncommon. Skin peeling usually begins between three and eight days after exposure.

The long-term consequences of years of overexposure to the sun are significant. One blistering sunburn doubles the likelihood of developing malignant melanoma. Chronic sun exposure causes premature wrinkling and aging of the skin. Age spots (lentigo) are a result of sun exposure.

Skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell cancer) is directly related to the amount of sun exposure (determined by skin pigmentation and hours in the sun). Finally, sun exposure and ultraviolet damage have been implicated in the development of cataracts.

Very effective sunscreens have been developed that protect from UVA and UVB (long and short wavelengths of ultraviolet light), which are the components of sunlight responsible for burning and cancerous changes in the skin.

Sunscreen, protective clothing, and ultraviolet-protected sunglasses are all recommended to prevent excessive sun exposure. Wearing a sunscreen with high sun protection factor (SPF) is recommended. The higher SPF numbers indicate greater protection. Unfortunately, there is no way to get a "safe tan" from the sun.

To relieve sunburn pain, try taking a cool shower or bath or placing wet, cold wash rags on the burn. (Aspirin should be avoided in children who are running a fever). Avoid products that contain benzocaine, and avoid the use of Vaseline.

If blisters are present, dry bandages may help prevent infection. Ibuprofen may help to alleviate the pain from sunburn. If the skin is not blistering, moisturizing cream may be applied to relieve discomfort.

Sunburn is better prevented than treated. Effective sunscreens are available in a wide variety of strengths. Most doctors recommend a sunscreen SPF level of 30 or greater.

Sunscreen should be generously applied. If out in the sun for a prolonged period of time during the day, wearing a hat and other protective clothing is recommended. Light clothing reflects the sun most effectively.

• there is a fever with the sunburn
• fluid-filled blisters, dizziness, or visual difficulties accompany the sunburn

The medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed.

Medical history questions documenting sunburn may include:

• Time pattern
  • When did it occur?
  • How often does sunburn develop?
• Type of sunburn
  • Is the skin red?
  • Are there blisters?
  • How much of the body was sunburned?
• Aggravating factors
  • What medications are being taken?
• Relieving factors
  • Do you use a sunblock or sunscreen? What type? How strong?
• Other
  • What other symptoms are also present?
  • Is there fever, dizziness, blisters, or vision problems?