Abnormal cell surface antigen studies in the blood or bone marrow may indicate lymphocytic leukemia (ALL or CLL).
Diagnosis of ALL is confirmed by demonstration of cell surface markers that are characteristic of primitive lymphoid cells. Less than 5% of cases of ALL are B-cell type; with abnormal B-lymphocytes that produce a monoclonal (single type) immunoglobulin that is bound to the surface membrane.
CLL is characterized by an accumulation of mature-appearing lymphocytes; more than 95% of cases involve B-lymphocytes. In most cases, these lymphocytes have typical marker antigens on the cell surface, that is, a monoclonal immunoglobulin can be demonstrated on the cell surface.
Abnormal cell surface markers on a lymph node or bone marrow specimen may support a diagnosis of lymphoma, which is an accumulation of abnormal, monoclonal B cells. The type of lymphoma is usually determined both by looking at the tissue under the microscope and by the specific pattern of immunophenotype.
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