Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia - view of red blood cells

Megaloblastic anemia

Definition:

Megaloblastic anemia is a blood disorder characterized by anemia, with red blood cells that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a deficiency of folic acid or Vitamin B-12.

Alternative Names:

Anemia - megaloblastic

Causes, incidence, and risk factors:

Deficiencies of Vitamin B-12 and folic acid are the most common causes of megaloblastic anemia. Other causes are leukemia, myelofibrosis, multiple myeloma, certain hereditary disorders, drugs that affect DNA synthesis such as chemotherapy agents (methotrexate), alcohol, and other causes. Risk factors relate to the causes. (See also pernicious anemia).

Symptoms:

Loss of appetite
Diarrhea
Tingling and numbness of hands and feet
Pale skin color
Tiredness
Headaches
Sore mouth and tongue
Change in skin color

Signs and tests:

Examination of neurological signs may show abnormal reflexes, decreased position sense, and decreased vibration sense if related to Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Tests include:

Complete blood count shows anemia with large red blood cells
Bone marrow examination
Low serum B12 level
Schilling test may identify poor absorption as cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency
Low serum folate level

Treatment:

The objective of treatment is to determine the cause of the anemia, and the treatment depends upon the cause. Anemias related to vitamin deficiencies are discussed separately.

Expectations (prognosis):

The outcome is expected to be good with treatment.

Complications:

Complications vary with the underlying cause.

Calling your health care provider:

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms develop.

Prevention:

Adequate intake of Vitamin B-12 and folic acid is helpful.

Review Date: 10/8/2001
Reviewed By: Rebecca Elstrom, M.D., University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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