1. Encopresis frequently is associated with constipation and fecal impaction. Often, hard fecal material is retained in the colon, with a passage of soft or semi-liquid stool around the impacted stool. This problem is not under the conscious control of the child. Leakage of stool may occur during the day or night. There are rarely physical causes other than constipation (sometimes present since infancy).
2. Other causes may be related to a lack of toilet training or training at too early an age or an emotional disturbance such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder or a Conduct Disorder.

• inability to retain feces (fecal incontinence)
• the passage of stool in inappropriate places (generally in the child's clothes)
• secretive behavior associated with bowel movements
• evidence of constipation and hard stool

• Digital examination of the rectal vault may demonstrate a fecal impaction
• An abdominal X-ray may confirm impacted stool in the colon

The goal of treatment is to prevent constipation and encourage good bowel habits.

Laxatives, and sometimes enemas, are used to remove fecal impaction. A stool softener is often prescribed.

A diet high in fiber, including fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, and adequate fluid intake will promote the passage of softer stools and minimize the discomfort associated with bowel movements.

Parental support and refrain from criticism or discouragement is important. Education of the parents and child, and biofeedback for the child is often used by Pediatric Gastroenterologists to treat the more difficult cases. Psychotherapy can help the child deal with associated shame, guilt, or loss of self-esteem. For encopresis in the absence of constipation, psychiatric evaluation may help determine the underlying cause.